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Lesson 19: Source Case |
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The Source Case identifies a case phrase as the origin or beginning-point of an action. To mark a Case Phrase as a Source, use the ending "-de." If the word ends in a consonant, you'll need to insert "e" to separate the consonants, of course. |
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bod |
dish |
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-de |
Suffix (CP): Source Case |
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heshehoth |
park [hesh (grass) + hoth (place)] |
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im |
to travel |
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mina |
to move |
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nu |
here |
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núu |
there |
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sháad |
to go; to come |
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thel |
to get; to obtain |
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wehe |
store (market) |
The verb "sháad" means "to go" and also "to come," just as "eb" means "to buy" and "to sell." This difference (called "deixis" by linguists) merely refers to the direction in which the action happens. We will see how to "disambiguate the deixis" (decipher which direction is being spoken about) in this lesson and the next.
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Bíi im with wa. |
The woman travels. |
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Bíi im with heshehothede wa. |
The woman travels from the park. |
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Bíi eril eb withid mudath wa. |
The man bought (or sold) the pig. |
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Bíi eril eb withid mudath ebaláde wa. |
The man bought the pig from the baker. |
Here we see how to resolve the deixis of "eb." Since we know that ownership of the pig was transferred from the baker, we know that the man was buying it (rather than selling it, which would have been to the baker).
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Báa eril mesháad nen? |
Did they come (or go)? |
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Báa eril mesháad nen bode? |
Did they come (or go) from the mountain? |
We still cannot quite disambiguate the deixis on "sháad," however. We know that the movement being discussed was from the mountain. But they still could either have come from the mountain or gone from the mountain. To disambiguate "sháad" we need to know where the speaker is, relative to the source and goal (where they came or went to). We'll be addressing the Goal Case in the next lesson.
1 |
Bíi sháad ebalá mewohóya wobode wa. |
2 |
Báa eríli mehim with belidede? |
3 |
Bíi aril mebel hena letha baleth bodede wa. |
4 |
Báa eril methel nezh mahinath bebáade? |
5 |
Bíi eril eb hóowithid wohéthe womazh Ána bede wa. |
6 |
Báa eril doth wolawida wohomid bebáath urahude? |
Notice in #3, that we cannot yet disambiguate the deixis on "bel" (to bring; to take). It's impossible, for the purposes of translation into English, to tell whether my siblings will "take" or "bring" bread from the dish.
Notice in #5, that we do not attach the Source Case suffix directly to personal names.
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Bíi aril memina mewoshane womid wáa. |
ábed |
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8 |
Báa eril thad eb ne yuth? |
bebáa |
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9 |
Bíi eríli sháad wonée woháwith wáa. |
ash |
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10 |
Bíi ril meduhim onida wáa. |
mewohaba wohoth |
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11 |
Bíi eril bel ra rul laleth wa. |
hothul |
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12 |
Bíi eril oób háawith wáa. |
esh |
13 |
The farmer gets food from the earth. |
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14 |
The teacher moved a bad insect from the garden. |
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15 |
Carol's uncle promises to buy a plant from the weary storekeeper. |
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16 |
Whence came we (many), long ago? |
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17 |
The dancer traveled from her safe home. |
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18 |
My nephew will follow the assistant from the busy store. |
"Whence," in #4, #8 and #16, is a somewhat archaic form in English; it means "from where"--Source Case in English! There are also the English Source Case forms "from here" and "from there:" "hence" ("nude" in Láadan) and "thence" ("núude" in Láadan), respectively.
Did you have any trouble with the word "storekeeper?" We've learned "wehe" (store); a storekeeper would be one who "does" a store: "wehehá."
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1 |
The baker comes/goes from the beautiful mountains. |
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2 |
Did the people, long ago, travel from the house? |
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3 |
My blood-siblings will take bread from the dish. |
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4 |
Whence (from where) did you (few) get the bread? |
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5 |
The grandson bought a clean car from Anna. |
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6 |
Whom did the pregnant horse follow from the gate? |
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7 |
The furry animals will move. Bíi aril memina mewoshane womid ábedede wáa. The furry animals will move from the farm. |
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8 |
Were you able to buy/sell the fruit? Báa eril thad eb ne yuth bebáade? Whence (from where) were you able to buy the fruit? |
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9 |
The alien infant came long ago. Bíi eríli sháad wonée woháwith ashede wáa. The alien infant came from the star long ago. |
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10 |
The families try to travel. Bíi ril meduhim onida mewohaba wohothede. The families try to travel from the fragrant places. |
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11 |
The cat didn't bring/take the milk. Bíi eril bel ra rul laleth hothulede wa. The cat didn't bring/take the milk from the grandmother. |
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12 |
The child jumped. Bíi eril óob háawith eshede wáa. The child jumped from the boat. |
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13 |
Bíi thel ábedá anath donide wi. |
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14 |
Bíi eril mina omá worathal wozhubeth déelade wáa. |
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15 |
Bíi bédi eb berídanid Hérel betha dalath wohóoha woweheháde wa. |
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16 |
Báa eríli mesháad len bebáade? |
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17 |
Bíi im amedarahá woyom wobeth bethode wáa. |
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18 |
Bíi aril doth sherídan letha denáth woshóod wowehede wa. |